US government scientists who infected Guatemalans with syphilis and gonorrhoea as part of a study knew they were violating ethical rules, a US presidential panel has said.

The Commission said some 5,500 Guatemalans were involved in all the research that took place between 1946 and 1948.

Of these, some 1,300 were deliberately infected with syphilis, gonorrhoea or another sexually transmitted disease, chancroid.

And of that group only about 700 received some sort of treatment.

According to documents the commission had studied, at least 83 of the 5,500 subjects had died by the end of 1953.

The commission was unable to say whether any of those deaths were caused directly or indirectly by the deliberate infections.

But Dr Gutmann lambasted those responsible for the research.

"Those involved in the study failed to show a minimal respect for human rights and morality in the conduct of research," she said in her concluding remarks to the panel.

She said many of the actions were "grievously wrong" and those individuals behind the study were "morally culpable to various degrees".

"Civilisations can be judged by the way they treat their most vulnerable... we failed to keep that covenant," she said.

In the 1940s, sexually transmitted diseases were a major health threat.

Many of the same researchers had carried out studies on prisoners in Terre Haute in the US state of Indiana.

But in that case, the panel said, the researchers fully informed patients of what would be happening and gave them informed consent forms to sign.

In Guatemala, patients were told "little to nothing" and there were no consent forms.

US President Barack Obama set up the commission when the research first came to light last year.

He also apologised to his Guatemalan counterpart, Alvaro Colom, saying the acts ran contrary to American values.

The commission is due to publish its first report next month outlining the historical facts.

Its final report, due to be completed in December, will examine the ethical issues involved and will aim to make sure such incidents never happen again.

Earlier this year, a group of Guatemalans who were involved in the study announced they were suing the US government over the affair.

Originally Published On: www.bbc.co.uk – Original Article Here

Five Chilean officers have been dismissed after police admitted that a bullet which killed a teenage boy came from a police weapon.

Manuel Gutierrez Reinoso, 16, was shot last week during anti-government protests in the capital, Santiago.

It was the first fatality in months of social unrest in Chile, which has involved protests on many issues.

A police general who initially denied that his officers were involved has been ordered to resign.

Witnesses insisted that the boy was shot by the police.

Investigators said that tests showed that the bullet which killed the boy came from a gun fired by a police sergeant, Miguel Millacura.

Up to that point, the police had denied any involvement in the boy's death.

Sgt Millacura had said he had fired in the air. He is expected to be charged later on Tuesday.

Another four officers have been dismissed and a police general, Sergio Gajardo, who had ruled out an internal inquiry into the shooting, has been asked to step down.

Chilean President Sebastian Pinera had earlier said the government was doing everything possible to shed light on the circumstances of the teenager's death.

The protests in Chile were initially triggered by students demanding educational reform but have grown into a more general movement demanding constitutional reform, improved pension provision, new labour laws and corporate tax increases to pay for education and health.

Originally Published On: www.bbc.co.uk – Original Article Here

Bolivia's Supreme Court has convicted five senior military officers in connection with the killings of 64 people during protests in 2003.

Four former generals and an admiral were sentenced to between 10 and 15 years in prison.

Two former ministers were jailed for three years each for complicity in what was described as a "genocide".

The protesters in El Alto had demanded an end to the export of natural gas to the US using Chilean ports.

It is the first time that high-ranking military men have been convicted by a civilian court in Bolivia for human rights abuses, reports the BBC's Mattia Cabitza from the court in the Bolivian city of Sucre.

The former generals, Roberto Claros Flores, Juan Veliz Herrera, Jose Ovaldo Quiroga and Gonzalo Alberto Rocabado, and Adm Luis Alberto Aranda Granados were jailed over what has become known as the "Black October case".

More than 400 people were injured as soldiers opened fire during protests in the city of El Alto, near La Paz, the seat of the government, over the export of Bolivian natural gas.

Bolivia's Attorney-General Mario Uribe said justice had been done – and he hoped other former government officials could be tried soon.

Families of the victims cheered outside the court when the verdict was read, after having waited almost eight years in what is being considered a landmark case for Bolivia's human rights record.

The Bolivian government has been seeking the extradition of at least eight former officials – the then President Gonzalo Sanchez de Lozada, and seven former ministers. They are living abroad or have gone into exile in the US, Peru and Spain.

President Sanchez de Lozada left the country before the end of his second term in office after the killings. He has been living in the US ever since.

Originally Published On: www.bbc.co.uk – Original Article Here

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Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez has stressed that he will beat cancer after having a third round of chemotherapy.

He was treated at a hospital in the capital, Caracas, in contrast to two previous treatments and initial surgery to remove a cancerous tumour in Cuba.

"I'm doing well, being well taken care of," he told state television, VTV.

His illness has caused political uncertainty in Venezuela, casting some doubt on whether he will be able to stand for re-election next year.

Mr Chavez, 57, was admitted to the Dr Carlos Arvelo Military Hospital on Saturday.

Speaking to VTV by phone on Monday, he said he finished up "what I call the bomb…the chemotherapy's bombing".

Earlier, he used his Twitter account to say medical tests ahead of the chemotherapy had gone well.

President Chavez underwent surgery in Cuba in June to remove a tumour from his pelvic region. However, he has not disclosed the exact nature of the cancer.

Originally Published On: www.bbc.co.uk – Original Article Here

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At least 83 Guatemalans are thought to have died not long after being deliberately infected with syphilis and gonorrhoea in the 1940s, a presidential commission in Washington has heard.

According to documents the commission had studied, at least 83 of the 5,500 subjects had died by the end of 1953.

The body was unable to say how many – if any – of those deaths were caused directly or indirectly by the deliberate infections.

But Dr Gutmann lambasted those responsible for the research.

"Those involved in the study failed to show a minimal respect for human rights and morality in the conduct of research," she declared, in her concluding remarks to the panel.

Many of the actions were "grievously wrong", she added, and those individuals behind the study were "morally culpable to various degrees".

"Civilisations can be judged by the way they treat their most vulnerable," Dr Gutmann said, before stressing that "we failed to keep that covenant".

President Obama set up the commission when the research first came to light last year.

He also apologised to his Guatemalan counterpart, Alvaro Colom, saying the acts ran contrary to American values.

Earlier this year, a group of Guatemalans who were infected and their relatives announced that they were suing the US government over the affair.

The commission is due to publish its first report, to establish the historical facts, next month.

Its final report, in December, will examine the ethical issues involved, and aims to "make sure this never happens again".

Originally Published On: www.bbc.co.uk – Original Article Here